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RESEARCH-CREATION PROJECT

Suratómica Network | New Media Class - UdK Berlin

Interconnected nature - Internet for Bacteria

Interconnected Nature: Internet for Bacteria is a speculative art-science (indisciplinary) research-creation project to generate an internet-bacteria symbiosis, that creates other possibilities for the Internet of Bio and Nano Things (IoBNT) besides the nature-extractivist and exploitative discourse of these under-developing technologies. It explores other possible inter-living-entities relations that embrace the uncontrollable nature of the living and sets aside human interaction among the mentioned entities.

Through an offering/sharing of our digital technologies and a collaborative effort, Bio-IoT mediating devices would be placed in different soils around the globe to allow bacteria to perform horizontal gene transfer through the internet. Shared DNA in one soil would be instantly globally available.

Lynn Margulis (1995) described how bacteria could, through horizontal gene transfer, quickly recover after a natural disaster, that would take us humans, for instance, much longer or even fail. What could mean for such an impressive collaborative process of bacteria the access to a human-created global network with the IoT infrastructure?

Internet for Bacteria is the exploration of the possibilities of our current digital communication technologies as interspecies/inter-living-entities mutual aid technologies or, even further, symbiotic ones.

The upcoming documentation presents the contexts, methodologies, and processes to create an interface that would allow the hyperconnected bacteria superorganism to emerge as a Queer form of life.

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To all the communities of living organisms that resist to human control

27.09.2022

QUEER FORMS OF LIFE

This creation project is connected to Queer forms of life a research-creation context to explore the possibilities of the emerging understandings of life by complexity sciences, biology, philosophy of biology, new media, and many others in art/knowledge creation/worlding.

It has been created in the context of the 2nd cycle of the Suratómica Network named At the Edge of Chaos and Natalia Rivera's master project for the New Media Class at the UDK in Berlin. A creation group with the same name collaboratively explored the idea in 2021 and during the social outbreak in Colombia starting in April of the same year, the network’s context Other politics of the living was derived.

Queer forms of life:
Digital technologies for the living

Theoretical proposal about the creation of hybrid organisms or biocomputers as queer forms of life.

INTRODUCTION

Artistic creative processes with biological computers, understood as Queer forms of life or symbiotic bio-digital organisms, both emerge from and at the same time shape the biocentric turn in the development of these digital technologies. Biological computing, developed with living organisms or biologically derived molecules, is an emergent media that requires a new/ other understanding of our relations with the biological entities included in the information processing and storage, and the biocomputer as a living organism itself. Together with them, the artistic creation, or even wider, the shared aesthetic experience of metabolization, generates a new/other form of life that dilutes many taxonomical borders and, while embracing the uncontrollable nature of the living, becomes evidence of bio-centered digital technologies. Some ideas about the possibilities of biological computers as co-creative / co- metabolizing / co-evolutionary media are explored in this text with a media theory approach that intertwines with speculative fabulation (Haraway, 2016) in its way.

In an early stage, the discourses and experiments surrounding biocomputing show clearly how the development of this media is given from a strong anthropocentric, still extractivist, understanding and relation to nature. The motivations, aims, narratives, and methodologies seek for the continuation of human-controlled technology creation, even when other entities, traditionally understood as living ones, are directly involved as components of it. From that utilitarian perspective, biological organisms appear more capable of complex information processing (human-interesting one), and more efficient in terms of energy consumption or their ability to self-replicate and repair, among many other characteristics.

However, an other comprehension of the aesthetics, biologically based (Maldonado, 2021a), radically transforms the kind of relations we would be able to create with these computers. It brings a relevant new/other understanding that situates the narratives and creative processes with biocomputers in a life-enabling wide range of possibilities. While the shared experience among living organisms is an aesthetical one, the matter of the inter-living-entities co-creation becomes life itself. On this path, artistic projects such as Myconnect (2013) by Saša Spačal, Mirjan Švagelj, Anil Podgornik, and Tadej Droljc, and Biocomputer Music (2015) or Biocomputer Rhythms (2016) by Eduardo Miranda are early expressions of this interspecies co-creation through digital media.

Queer forms of life explore the emergence of these new hybrid entities through the sharing of our digital technologies with other living organisms. Our digital technologies offered to other living organisms, in the same way that other living organisms’ technologies, such as fermentation, for instance, are shared/interconnected with us. These collaborative creation processes with them require new common languages and methodologies, and relocate the artistic creation from a visual or tangible piece, as an outcome, to the creation of the media or symbiotic bio-digital organism itself.

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Ref. 

 

Haraway, D. (2016) Staying with the Trouble. Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Duke University Press.

 

Maldonado, C. (2021a) Estética y complejidad. Elementos para un estado crítico del arte. Editorial Suratómica.

 

Miranda, E. (2015) Biocomputer music [Biocomputer and music performance]. http://neuromusic.soc.plymouth.ac.uk

Miranda, E. (2016) Biocomputer Rhythms [Biocomputer and music performance].http://neuromusic.soc.plymouth.ac.uk

Spačal, S. et al. (2013) Myconnect [Installation]. https://www.agapea.si/en/projects/myconnect

Exploring the possibilities of our current and emerging digital communication technologies to become or be understood as Inter-living- entities MUTUAL AID/SYMBIOTIC media.

OPEN QUESTION?

I have explored some possible ways to write a question relating to the living beings to hybridize, avoiding in a way previous expectations or definitions on how this experiment should develop.

Through Speculative Fabulation and the experimental narratives with generative text, I get to dialogue with the current knowledge, narratives, ideas, and possibilities for this fiction.

What if? - As an open question for the creation of narratives.

In terms of life. In the context of evolutive biology, which extends, as presented before, beyond the living organisms we have considered living so far, the moral concepts of what is good/bad for the living beings included could be reconsidered. Instead, the question to ask in terms of life, according to Carlos Maldonado(2021a), is: does it enable life?

SPECULATIVE FABULATION

When researchers tried to create a bacterial processor for biocomputing, bacterial communities evolved over time into a complex network connected through the internet, that both competed and cooperated to survive.

WHAT IF?

What if bacteria take over the internet?

IN TERMS OF LIFE

Would a symbiotic relation between bacteria and the internet enable life?

CONTEXTS / PROCESSES / METHODOLOGIES 

[strategies of involvement]

CREATING A NEAR IMPOSSIBLE SYMBIOTIC BIO-DIGITAL ORGANISM

With Interconnected Nature: Internet for Bacteria, I have taken the chance to give the imaginative process a more relevant space over the outcome as an art piece. In the sense of collecting and creating interdisciplinary knowledge that will shape a project that, being feasible as a scientific research project, for instance, crosses and questions the anthropocentric boundaries that require for it to be fictional.

It entangles diverse methodologies and processes that allow the project to interconnect with different emerging biocentric narratives while aiming to contribute to them too. The main ones refer to methodologies to design a scientific experiment and the biotechnologies and resources required to carry it out and, on the other side, the fictional, not less real, narratives that appear and intertwine when the project speaks for non-human centered digital biotechnologies.

Speculative Fabulation (Haraway, 2016) allows me to dialogue with the technological possibilities of the ongoing underdevelopment media of biocomputing while re-arranging the narratives and metaphors. I find fascinating Haraways’ thoughts and proposals about the worlding power of scientific knowledge and narratives, and I seek for the transformation of these last ones to be my creative practice.

Marta de Menezes’s proposal for the Moon’s moon project opens an amazing conversation on how to give space to the research, imagining, and shaping of a project as an artistic outcome in itself. In her words: “This project explores the idea that a body of knowledge can be developed as an artwork. It consists in collecting and eventually exhibiting information about the creation of a near impossible art- object.”(De Menezes, 2021)

Methodologies on how to deal with “near impossible” artistic mediation can also approach the Aesthetics of the impossible, proposed by Iliana Hernández (2019) or the Epistemology of impossibility or Science of indetermination by Carlos Maldonado (2021b). There, indisciplinary creative practices beyond the already-known or understood as feasible are more than relevant to create our experience of the world while creating the world itself. Creating in such a context is not to determine an outcome but to open the chance for possibilities to emerge.

All in all, indiscilplinarity allows the inter/intra action of a plurality of methodologies. In-discipline speaks for the non-existence of defined disciplines and at the same time, similarly to the word in Spanish, undisciplined, a lack of disciplined behavior.

COLLABORATIVE PROCESSES

My understanding of any human creative process is as an expression of nature’s creative processes, evolutionary, interconnected, collaborative, and collective. In that sense, it is relevant for the contexts, ideas, and proposals included in this research-creation project to blur the imaginary boundaries of a lineal, individual, and isolated creation process and rather seek to share how from the encounter with others, humans, other traditionally understood-as-living organisms, and hybrid bio-digital organisms the ideas and creative processes emerge.

This has been an important base for my creative practice, in which opening spaces, or inhabiting spaces, for collective conversation and co-creation became not one but a multiplicity of methodologies.

Ten years ago, the first encounters of the Mutante Laboratory’s participants were organized. It was my first approach to collaborative processes as knowledge creation processes, in the frame of my bachelor’s thesis. Afterward, the numerous dialogues, spaces, events, encounters, and projects organized and created by this art and science laboratory have opened, as well, numerous possibilities for creative practices, situated mostly in Bogotá, but globally connected through the Suratómica Network.

Dialogues together with Mutante and different communities or creatives during the development of previous projects such as the Expanded Bestiary (Bestiario Expandido) (2019), already approaching Speculative Fabulation creative processes, are also of great influence to the Queer Forms of Life idea.

I want to acknowledge the relevance of all those spaces and collaborations for the creation of this project, having in mind however that it might not be possible to include all the experiences, conversations, and actions that shaped it, but stating clearly how it is a co-creation, an outcome of an encounter of multiple networks, that exceeds an individual process or effort.

Among them: 

1. At the edge of chaos (En el filo del caos). Co-creation cycle. Suratómica Network. 2021 - currently.

2. Other politics of the living (Otras políticas de lo vivo). Co-creation context. Suratómica Network and Enjambre Interzone. 2021 - currently.

3. Queer forms of life (Formas extrañas de vida).
Creation group. Proposed by Natalia rivera. Suratómica Network. 04-05.2021

4. Microcosmos. Creation group.
Proposed by Corpogen and Biocrea Network. Suratómica Network. 04-06.2021

5. Complexity and aesthetics (Complejidad y estética). Creation group. Proposed by Carlos Maldonado. Suratómica Network. 08.2020-03.2021

6. Other politics of the living (Otras políticas de lo vivo).
XII Creation - Art and Science Encounter. Suratómica Network and Enjambre Interzone. 04.2022

7. Other [tiny] forms of life. (Otras [pequeñas] Formas de Vida). Creation project by Mutante and CorpoGen. 2022

8. New Media Class. Berlin University of the Arts UDK. WS20/21 - SS22.

QUEER FORMS OF LIFE

CREATION GROUP - Suratómica Network

The first co-creation space directly connected to this research-creation project was the Queer forms of life (Formas extrañas de vida) creation group, connected to the Suratómica Network’s third cycle of creation groups, from April to May 2021. This space established in a way the conceptual frame and political positions from which the queer forms of life would be thought.

Together with all the participants, we wondered about the definition of life, the multiple current definitions, and the political implications of establishing a definition. The questions focused on how to relate to, discover, and create forms of life without controlling, colonizing, dominating, or even defining.

As an outcome, Queer forms of life became a comprehension frame that embraces the indeterminacy of life, of the life forms that we already know and life forms as they could be. Questioning the taxonómical borders, the hierarchy among the living and the considered-non-living things, and the presumed need, that we as humans have, to determine nature. These ideas are shared in the first part of this book. (Article: Queer forms of life: Digital technologies for the living

While having these conversations, the social outbreak in April 2021 in Colombia started. More than the knowledge of life, the experience of life was urgent, and so our narratives entangled with those politics emerging from a full-of-life expression of the protests in the streets. We learned from and allowed our creative processes to be transformed by them.

With the derived context Other politics of the living, created together with the Enjambre Interzone, the Queer forms of life concept embraced the anarchic nature of the living, as understood as a complex system (Maldonado and Mezza, 2016).​

OTHER [TiNy] FORMS OF LIFE

CREATION PROJECT BY MUTANTE AND CORPOGEN

Other [tiny] forms of life  (Otras [pequeñas] formas de vida) is an expedition to discover the biodiversity of the bacteria that inhabit and shape three parks and a wetland in Bogotá. The creation groups were in charge of investigating which bacteria are present in these green public spaces, with microbiology, molecular biology, and metagenomics techniques, and at the same time with artistic creation processes such as drawing, photography, and generative modeling of sculptures using the genetic code.

O[t]FL has been co-created as an articulation of methodologies for collectively exploring, thinking, and creating. Embracing and developing collaborative processes, related to the DIWO (Do it with others) ideas and communitarian-based creation, and connecting the Interconnected Nature project to the O[t]FL one, was the main strategy of involvement, to get close to the microbiology practices and methodologies.

The ideas in Mutante and Suratómica about these collective creation processes explore the diversification of knowledge/ways of knowing; the in-disciplinarity of knowledge, methodologies, and techniques; the co-creation of situated emerging understandings, meanings, and the network itself. Furthermore, the exploration of alternative ways of social organization.

The exploration in Bogotá included the Parque Nacional, Parque Simón Bolivar, Parque Entre Nubes, and Humedal Juan Amarillo, during May and June 2022. My parallel exploration in Berlin took place at the Panke river, at Pankow. The project was designed together by the laboratories Mutante and CorpoGen, and developed with the support of the grant for experimentation, art, science, and technology for civic culture by the SCRD of Bogotá.

TERRITORY EXPLORATION

Getting to know the surroundings. We explored the location, created maps, documented with pictures and drawings, and collected samples of soil, air, water, plants, and other living organisms, to look for bacterial communities inhabiting and conforming the territory.

GROWING MICROORGANISMS

In Petri dishes, we grew microorganisms from the samples we had collected before. Using laboratory and house-made agar, the samples were directly placed on the Petri dishes, to grow a big amount and variety of microorganisms, or diluted before in order to grow clear bacterial colonies to be studied.

EXTRACTING DNA

With the aim of being able to see the DNA, we carried out a simple and homemade experiment to extract the DNA of strawberries. With a mix of soap and alcohol, it was possible to get enough amount of DNA to be seen with bare eyes.

SEQUENCING DNA OF SOIL SAMPLES

To discover other bacteria, which would not grow in our Petri dishes environment, we used DNA sequencing in a process called Metabarcoding. We got the information on the 16S gene of all the bacteria present in the soil sample, to be afterward compared with a database to find their families and names.

The sequencing was done by the CorpoGen laboratory, using a MinION sequencer.

GENERATIVE CREATION WITH DNA INFORMATION

Through a board game, we explored the creation of- and translation to- new languages to program with genetic code, as an introduction to bioinformatics. The DNA information that we got from the four locations became our matter to create generative sculptures, that adapting a threedimensional game of life transformed a fragment of the bacteria 16S gene code into building blocks.

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EXPLORATION IN PANKE RIVER

In the context of the O[t]FL project, I carried out the exploration parallel to the Creation Groups in Bogotá. The area that I have chosen is the green area around the Panke river, close to Osloer Str., Berlin. 

 

"The Panke is a small river in Brandenburg and Berlin, a right tributary of the Spree, originating from the Barnim plateau. It has a length of 29 km, of which 20,2 are within the area of Berlin. Consequently, the Panke is the third longest river in the city after the Spree and the Havel. Several areas in Berlin and Brandenburg are named after the Panke, including Pankow and Panketal. " 

(Panke. (2022). Retrieved Dec 31, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panke)

OFFERING OF OUR DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES TO OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS

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INTERNET OF/FOR BACTERIA

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DIALOGUE WITH OTHER LIVING OR LIFE-LIKE behaved organisms

While imagining a sharing of our digital technologies with other living organisms, I thought about the internet as the one technology that could be worthy to offer. I imagined that bacteria could perform a lot of collaborative processes through it and that, when biocomputers are no more for our human-defined purposes, they could use this media for their own experiences.

With such an undefined idea, I approached the BioMedia (ZKM, 2021- 2022) GPT-Neo for text generation, in the context of experimental narratives for Speculative fabulation, to have a dialogue with the databases about how our relation to bacteria has been understood up to now. The outcomes of the generative texts raised questions about co-creating other possible understandings with machine learning biased with all our old thoughts. For instance, our ideas, together with Jung Hsu, about bacteria resistance as amazing biotechnologies become again, through the machine, understood as the huge upcoming risk presented by the current scientific narrative.

Outside the so-called AI, an unexpected other dialogue was given while running into the graffiti by artist Alper Aydin. “THE GREATEST MICROBES!!!” immediately spoke to me about a narrative that might be currently transforming. There are other kinds of networks doing so.

Creating new comprehensions might require giving a chance to contingency, detached from the big data of our old thinking.

However, based on a recent headline about life-like behavior emerging from RNA molecules, I generated a seed text that brought interesting information: there was already an Internet of Bacteria (IoB) under development.

Graffitti The greatest microbes!!! by Alper Aydin. 

Photo by Natalia Rivera. Pankow, Berlin (2022)

DIALOGUE ABOUT BACTERIA RESISTANCE

500-WORDS TEXT GENERATED BY GPT-NEO

 

Bacterial resistance seemed to be based on amazing biotechnologies that humans imitated in order to resist themselves to the extreme conditions generated by global warming [input]. The problem is that we were not ready for these biotechnologies and, as a consequence, we have been forced to develop new ways of dealing with them. We have had to develop new antibiotics, new vaccines, new disinfectants, new drugs, new agricultural techniques, new medicines, new means of treatment against diseases, new means of preservation of food, etc. This way, the number of pathogens has increased dramatically and it’s necessary to find new ways of fighting them.

 

Nowadays, we are confronted with an explosion of bacteria resistant to antibiotics (about 1,200), or completely resistant to some antibiotics (about 40). These numbers mean that they are more difficult to treat than ever before. Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem which requires very specific solutions. One of the most important issues is how to prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance. It is clear that the solution can only come from changes in behavior and life style.

 

The most important issue is what we eat: there is no doubt that we need to change our eating habits because meat consumption leads to the development of resistant bacteria. According to research carried out at Wageningen University, researchers have found that people who eat red meat have a greater risk of developing tuberculosis, bronchitis, flu, pneumonia, and diarrhoea. In addition, the consumption of red meat is associated with a greater risk of developing colorectal cancer. Another study has shown that the consumption of red meat is associated with a higher risk of developing Crohn’s disease. Moreover, many studies have shown that the consumption of red meat increases the risk of cardiovascular problems.

 

In order to avoid the development of antibiotic resistance, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of meat and other animal-derived foods.

 

Reducing meat consumption will also help to reduce the risk of obesity; both of these factors are highly linked to the development of obesity and therefore to the risk of developing diabetes.

 

Other sources of proteins such as eggs, fish, nuts, and seeds should be consumed in moderation. These foods contain anti-inflammatory properties which protect against the development of type 2 diabetes.

 

However, even if we decrease meat consumption, it is still necessary to limit the intake of carbohydrates for their role in the development of obesity and insulin resistance.

 

We should also limit the consumption of processed foods containing high amounts of sugars and refined carbohydrates.

 

The reduction of salt intake is also important

DIALOGUE ABOUT BACTERIA CONNECTED TO THE INTERNET

IN PETRI DISHES, BACTERIA COMMUNICATED THROUGH INTERNET

When researchers tried to create a bacterial processor for biocomputing, bacterial communities evolved over time into a complex network connected through the internet, that both competed and cooperated to survive.
[input]

[500-WORDS TEXT GENERATED BY GPT-NEO]

The Internet of Bacteria (IoB) is composed of a network of bacteria with different roles in the ecosystem. The network acts like a computer program where each bacterium has its own set of rules and interactions with other bacteria. For example, some bacteria are responsible for releasing nutrients while others are responsible for capturing them. The network is self-organized, which means that the nodes do not have a fixed position in the network but move around freely. It is possible to predict the future state of the system by observing how the nodes are connected \~100 years into the past. 

 

At present, it is difficult to understand the evolutionary mechanism behind this self-organized network. This is because the network is dynamic and changes over time. However, the network can be characterized by a set of *rules*, or by the *interaction patterns* among the nodes. These rules enable the network to solve various computational tasks such as information processing, signal processing, and pattern recognition. In this review, we first summarize recent advances in understanding the evolution of the rules governing the interactions among the nodes. Then we describe how the rules were used to design the architecture of the network and explain how the network operates. We also discuss the current challenges facing this field. 

Evolution of Rules for Interactions between Bacteria =================================

 

We focus on three types of rules: *rule of exclusion*, *rule of coexistence*, and *rule of competition*. All three rules are needed to generate a dynamic, self-organized, and adaptive network. First, the rule of exclusion states that each bacterium excludes other bacteria from the network when they are physically separated. For example, if two bacteria are far apart, they cannot communicate with each other. Second, the rule of coexistence states that some bacteria may interact with each other even when they are physically separated. For example, if two bacteria are far apart, they can form a complex structure called biofilm. Third, the rule of competition states that some bacteria will outcompete others when they are physically separated. For example, if two bacteria are far apart, they compete for space and resources. In this case, the bacterial interaction network is not self-organized but depends on environmental conditions. Therefore, the network does not evolve spontaneously but is created by the interactions between the bacteria.

 

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The refrenced headline from an article in Quanta Magazin was: 

 

“In Test Tubes, RNA Molecules Evolve Into a Tiny Ecosystem.

When researchers gave a genetic molecule the ability to replicate, it evolved over time into a complex network of “hosts” and “parasites” that both competed and cooperated to survive.” (Saplakoglu, 2022)

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Using GPT-Neo as a fiction-writing tool was proposed at the Almost non-human workshop by Interspecifics at Art Laboratory Berlin. 05.2022

Internet of bacteria

Bacteria molecular communication

There are diverse understandings of the Internet of Bacteria concept which go from a metaphor to the actual development of it as a biotechnology.

Starting with the metaphor, it is mentioned that our internet resemble the molecular communication networks of the bacteria. Globally interconnected, bacteria can share information through distributed networks. As presented by Bassler (2009), they are able to send and receive molecules released to the environment they are inhabiting. The messages allow them, for instance, to perform Quorum sensing, one of the primary behaviors of life to understand the community surrounding and actuate together.

The similarities enter the context of biologically inspired computation development. As presented in projects such as Biological peer-to- peer networks: from bacterial communication to the development of synthetic distributed systems by Gonzalez-Rodriguez and Hernandez- Carrion (2014), among many other reserach projects, the creation of decentralized or distributed communication networks for humans could be inspired by these microorganisms. A possibility that we explored in Bi0film.net (Hsu & Rivera, 2021).

As presented in the Queer forms of life text, the current state of the development of the Internet of Bacteria (IoB) in the context of the Internet of Bio and Nano Things (IoBNT) can be addressed with the proposal by Kim and Poslad (2019) in their text The Thing With E.coli: Highlighting Opportunities and Challenges of Integrating Bacteria in IoT and HCI, and the research by Unluturk (2020) in the doctoral thesis Fundamentals of bacteria-based molecular communication for internet of bio-nanothings.

In the first one the authors expose their ideas on how bacteria could be included as a substrate for the Internet of Things:

“With advances in nano- and biotechnology, bacteria are receiving increasing attention in scientific research as a potential substrate for Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT), which involve networking and communication through nanoscale and biological entities. Harnessing the special features of bacteria, including an ability to become autonomous - helped by an embedded, natural propeller motor - the microbes show promising array of application in healthcare and environmental health. In this paper, we briefly outline significant features of bacteria that allow analogies between them and traditional computerized IoT device to be made. “ (Kim and Poslad, 2019)

In this proposal, based also on Tavella et al. (2018) experiments on how to transfer digitally enconded information to bacterial nano networks, humans can decide the kind of messages that could be sent for bacteria to perform certain actions. The mechanism used to send this information is a human-developed version of a technology that bacteria created long before: horizontal gene transfer.

Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material among bacteria without being the progenitors. A technology that allows them to rapidly learn how to behave in certain contexts and that has allowed them, for instance, to develop antibiotic resistance. Margulis and Sagan (1995) refer to it as:

“A second evolutionary dynamic is a sort of natural genetic engineering. Evidence for it has long been accumulating in the field of bacteriology. Over the past fifty years or so, scientists have observed that prokaryotes routinely and rapidly transfer different bits of genetic material to other individuals. Each bacterium at any given time has the use of accessory genes, visiting from sometimes very different strains, which perform functions that its own DNA may not cover. Some of the genetic bits are recombined with the cell’s native genes; others are passed on again. Some visiting genetic bits can readily move into the genetic apparatus of eukaryotic cells (such as our own) as well.” (Margulis and Sagan, 1995)

Internet of Bacteria with human-defined information

Internet FOR bacteria

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Bacteria connected to the internet to share their own-defined information

Once we know that bacteria can be connected to the internet and the kind of information that could be transferred, my proposal can be presented:

In the context of the biocentric turn, Other politics of the living, and the understanding of life as anarchic in the context of the complexity sciences, the development of an Internet of Bacteria only makes sense if created as an Internet FOR Bacteria, that embraces the uncontrollable nature of the living. While doing so, it becomes an inter-living-entities mutual aid technology, or even better, a symbiotic one.

Through the Internet for Bacteria, communities of bacteria would be able to perform horizontal gene transfer via the internet. On one side, a sequencer would read the DNA released to the soil and transform that biological information into digital one, from the DNA nitrogenous bases to the letters A, C, G, T. This information would be transferred via the IoT infrastructure to the cloud and be available for other bacterial communities. On the other side, the DNA shared by the mentioned community would be transformed from digital information to actual DNA through a synthesizer, to be released in new soils with other communities of bacteria. Each situated device in a different soil would be able to perform both processes.

The outcomes of such a process, the behaviors that bacteria could develop or enhance, and the transformations to come of the living organisms and the environment they inhabit and shape are to be discovered/created. The device presented in this project aims to open the discussion of those possibilities and explore them with different media.

Horizontal gene transfer through IoT

INTERNET FOR BACTERIA
INTERFACE / MEDIATING DEVICE

HUMAN INTER/INTRA ACTION

On site / No lab

Interface with the least control capability

No data extraction

No particular aim of improvement but diversification

Horizontal relation among the three living entities

MEDIATING ORGANISM FOR HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER IN BACTERIA

Creating with biocomputers means creating a queer form of life and to do so, our role would be the creation of an interface/interfaces that allow the hybrid living organism to emerge.

In the Internet for Bacteria project, the interface or mediating device is inspired by an existent mediating organism for horizontal gene transfer in bacteria: the Bacteriophage. This symbiotic relation to the mentioned virus is included, among three processes of bacteria to perform horizontal gene transfer: transformation, conjunction, and transduction.

Unlike the other two processes in which bacteria release DNA to the environment and it is adopted by the others, or in direct contact between two bacteria plasmids are shared, in the transduction process the DNA is transmitted through a sort of hack to the reproduction process of the virus.

Through the virus infection, viral DNA is introduced into the bacteria. This new information leads the bacteria to produce components to generate new Phages, which in the intended process would include the viral genome inside. However, during the multiplication of phages inside the bacteria, bacterial genome fragments could be inserted in the Phage, instead of their own. The so-called defective Phage would then carry and transmit the bacteria DNA to other bacteria. (Estela Biomicro, 2019)

The Bacteriophage-like device for the Internet of Bacteria will as well be able to read the DNA information released by the bacteria in the soil and transfer it via the internet, or retrieve it from the cloud and transfer it back to the soil for bacteria to include it, through the transformation process.

Mesa de trabajo 1 copia 5.png

Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria by transduction

Blueprints of a near impossible mediating device for Hyperconnected Bacteria to emerge as a Queer form of life

INTERNET fOR BACTERIA - PHAGE

IfB-Phage is a near-impossible mediating device for the symbiogenesis of a digital-bio hybrid organism between bacteria and the internet. A device to create a queer form of life, a hyperconnected bacteria su- perorganism. In the same way Bacteriophages mediate the horizontal gene transfer process among bacterias, the IfB-Phage allows bacterial communities in the soil to perform horizontal gene transfer through the Internet of Things infrastructure. Each Phage is able to sequence the DNA released by bacteria to the environment and transform it into di- gital information to be sent to the cloud, and at the same time retrieve other genes from the cloud to synthesize and release them to the soil, to be available for other bacteria.

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BP2_3x.png

QUEER FORM OF LIFE
/
SYMBIOTIC BIO-DIGITAL ORGANISM
/
HYPERCONNECTED BACTERIA

QUEER FORMS OF LIFE TO CO-EVOLVE WITH

Despite the general idea of evolution being a process of constant improvement of the species, this is not at all a linear process, whose previous stages that remain alive until today are “less evolved”, less capable, or even less complex. Evolution is a process of constant diversification of life, an absolutely creative life whose origin and purpose is in itself, and whose constant exploration of possibilities is in turn constitutive of it.

With Margulis, we learned that not only do organisms cooperate between each other to stay alive, to maintain their species over time -as Darwin presented it and was developed in greater depth in Kropotkin’s Mutual aid-, but also that the association of diverse life forms leads to the generation of new forms of life. That is to say, life not only becomes increasingly diversified but also generates processes of synthesis, it interconnects between these diverse forms to generate other more, and more complex ones.

The cyborg as symbiosis is for me the space for the hybridization of two life forms that after a long process of transformation meet again. A symbiogenesis by Bacteria, ancestors of life on earth, and a life form that has been one of the creations of humanity, artificial life, in this specific case, the internet as an artificial system with life-like behavior.

The encounter of these two forms of life, completely outside the strong capitalist idea of an Internet of Bacteria that considers them efficient supports of information, could become a symbiotic encounter of growing indeterminacy.

In the context of various conversations in the Suratómica network, after a wonderful encounter and dialogue with Carlos Maldonado’s ideas about the most recent understandings of the Living, together with Juan Diego Rivera, Carlos Acosta, and Daniela Brill, we set out to understand the phenomena of life, the ways for life to break through, as technologies of the living, biotechnologies. This in a space we called Collaboration and other technologies of the Living (Colaboración y otras tecnologías de lo vivo) (2021).

Understanding life and, in turn, nature as that which is creative (Hernández, 2020), I want to propose a slightly more humble look at the technologies that we create as human beings, as technologies created by nature itself, through us, which as in nature itself, sometimes enable life and sometimes do not. Today we make enormous efforts to try to put aside this idea of how incredibly intelligent, evolved, or capable we humans are, “the pinnacle of evolution”. But at the same time, we still think that our technologies are extraordinary.

They are as extraordinary and diverse as those created by all other living organisms.

Thus, there are two ideas that we can preferably avoid in understanding these media that we have created or are willing to create. The first of these is the illusion of control that we believe we have over the created technologies, whether they are the ones we consider to be clear, such as those for everyday uses, or the ones that scare us the most, those of artificial life and intelligence, or those of gene engineering. The second is that capitalist western approach that understands technologies as solutions to certain problems. The understanding of the world and of life itself as a matter of problems and solutions. Problems for which once we have developed the appropriate technology, ...

Such an understanding -the technologies that we create being part of a process of diversification and exploration of nature creating through us- can lead us to consider perhaps in a closer and more horizontal way those relations with other forms of life and their biotechnologies. Thus, those of us who approach this comprehension, in a moment of inexhaustible crisis, deep fears, and much suffering, do trust life. I mean, we know that the complexity of life that has made its way through the contingent, the randomness, the indeterminate, the unexpected, will continue to do so. With human form or with other forms. With a multiplicity of associated organisms in the form of humans or associated in other forms, such as the superorganism which bacteria are, or the mycelium, wonderful entities.

The knowledge and other forms of life that respond to the “what can we do?” question, although it is invisible to many, are decentralized, diversified in innumerable human and other living organisms’ communities, interspecies or inter-living-entities, whose weave as a network becomes increasingly complex and resistant. From the increasingly diverse feminist, or anti-racist, or anti-colonial, or anti-speciesist groups, to the cyanobacteria increasing their population rapidly in the sea, or the plants and animals moving to different climatic floors, the plants and plagues that sabotage monocultures, the seeds that fall from the hands of humans and other animals to diversify monocultures, ruderal plants, fungal communities doing bioremediation in spaces where oil has been spilled, or of course, bacterial resistance.

With the previously shared idea that biotechnologies and living systems that have emerged from human creation processes, as nature itself’s creation processes, I want to propose an encounter between the internet as a living system and bacteria, which is not the understanding of a human high-level technology that connects with this living system, but the dialogue between living organisms that explore the possibilities of a symbiosis.

My exploration as an artist is that of the possibility to create the bridge, the interface. However, the biggest difficulty is avoiding the determination of the possibilities that occur with the design of an interface. Here, the biggest question is: how to put these forms of life into dialogue without controlling the process?

Existing technologies determine the one-way relations in which bacteria are smooth hard drives and nimble processors. How can these relations be different? Is there any chance that the internet and bacteria could cooperate to evolve into other life forms? How have we dialogued with other forms of life during our history as humans and not as westerns?

In Suratómica the exploration continues about other ways of knowing, other ways to understand or comprehend, that can deal with not knowing, that can deal with the indeterminate, especially when knowing in a certain way, and this is frequently the case, implies stepping over the other ways of knowing or living. Because for the dominant forms of knowledge, knowing, knowledge, truth, and so on, are above ritual, mediation.

 

QFL is an exploration of those indeterminate ways of knowing. A way of creating that seeks to embrace living behavior as such. That calls for other politics/other relations with the living. A hybridization of ideas, disciplines, media, methodologies, and organisms.

 

For the inter-living-entities resistances to continue to break through together with the indisciplinary creative processes.

EVOLUTION THROUG ENDOSYMBIOSIS

Simbiosis.jpg

Symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution. Authors: PurificaciónLópez-Garcíaa, LauraEmeb, DavidMoreiraa. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.02.031Get rights and content

Symbiogenesis of the hyperconnected bacteria superorganism, as a queer form of life. Based in: Andrew Z. Colvin - Barth F. Smets, Tamar Barkay (September 2005). “Horizontal gene transfer: perspectives at a crossroads of scientific disciplines”. Nature Reviews Microbiology 3 (9): 675–678. DOI:10.1038/nrmicro1253. CC BY-SA 4.0

REFERENCES

Bassler, B. (2009). How bacteria “talk” [Video]. TED Talk. https://www.ted.com/talks/ bonnie_bassler_how_bacteria_talk

Center for Art and Media - ZKM Karlsruhe (2021-2022) The artwork as a living system. Exhibition. https:// zkm.de/de/ausstellung/2022/05/christa-sommerer-laurent-mig- nonneau-the-artwork-as-a-living-system

 

De Menezes, M. (2021) Moon-light (or Moon’s Moon). [Skyart] https://martademe- nezes.com/art/spaces/moon-light-or-moons-moon/

 

Estela Biomicro. (2019) Transducción [Video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbi- FmPhhzxY

 

Gonzalez-Rodriguez, D. & Hernandez-Carrion, J. R. (2014) Biological peer-to-peer networks: from bacterial communication to the development of synthetic distributed systems. https://zenodo.org/record/1195750#.Yy-Ici80mEM
 

Haraway, D. (2016) Staying with the Trouble. Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Duke University Press.

Hernández, I. (2019). Estética de lo imposible. Dat Journal. https://doi.org/10.29147/ dat.v4i2.127

Hsu, j. & Rivera, N. (2021) Bi0film.net. [Artistic Project] https://www.bi0film.net

Interspecifics (2022). Almost non-human. Workshop. Art Laboratory Berlin.

Kim, R. & Poslad, S. (2019) The Thing with E.coli: Highlighting Opportunities and Cha- llenges of Integrating Bacteria in IoT and HCI. CHI’19 Extended 

 

Abstracts, May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1145/3290607.XXXXXXX

 

Maldonado, C. (2021a) Complejidad y estética. Creation Group proposed by Carlos Eduardo Maldonado. Suratómica Network. https://www.suratomica.com/gruposde- creacion

Maldonado, C. (2021b) Epistemology of the impossible or a science of indetermina- tion. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-554x2021000100044

 

Maldonado, C. & Mezza-Garcia, N. (2016) Anarchy and complexity. Retrived on 4/9/2020 from journal.emergentpublications.com

 

Margulis, L. & Sagan, D. (1995) Microcosmos. Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution. University of California Press.

 

Mutante (2019) Bestiario Expandido (Expanded Bestiary) [Expanded Narrative] https:// www.mutantelab.com

 

Saplakoglu, Y. (2022, May 5) In Test Tubes, RNA Molecules Evolve Into a Tiny Ecosys- tem. Quanta Magazine. https://www.quantamagazine.org/in-test-tubes-rna-molecu-les-evolve-into-a-tiny-ecosystem-20220505/INTRO
 

Tavella F., Giaretta, A., Dooley-Cullinane, T. M., Conti, M., Coffey, L., & Balasubrama- niam, S. (2018) DNA Molecular Storage System: Transferring Digitally Encoded Information through Bacterial Nanonetworks. https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.04774

Proposed by Natalia Rivera

Co-created with Mutante

THIS PROJECT HAS BEEN CREATED IN VARIOUS DIALOGUES WITH: 

 

Juan Diego Rivera, Carlos Acosta, Daniela Brill Estrada, Luis Williams-Fallas, Manuel Orellana, Margarita González, Jung Hsu, Carlos Maldonado, Juan Felipe Zapata, Juan Manuel Anzola, Dayana Calderón, Christian Romero, Ma. Fernanda Quinceno, Jeisson Triana, Iliana Hernández, Raúl Niño, Tatiana Avendaño, María Cecilia Medina, Gumercindo Rivera, Sandra Ramos, Takuya Koyama. Queer forms of life (Formas extrañas de vida) Creation Group [Suratómica],  Complexity and aesthetics (Complejidad y estética) Creation Group [Suratómica]. Microcosmos Creation Group [Suratómica], Other [tiny] forms of life (Otras [pequeñas] formas de vida) Creation Group. CorpoGen laboratory.  Prof. Jussi Ängeslevä, Luiz Zanotello, Dr. Prof. Susanne Hauser. New Media Class UDK WS20-SS22

THANKS

For their support to: Juan Diego Rivera, María Cecilia Medina, Juan Felipe Fernández, Sandra Ramos, Daniela Brill Estrada, and Iurii Banshchikov.

Huge thanks also to Juan Manuel Anzola and the CorpoGen labora- tory for their will to share their knowledge, ideas and resources for the creative projects connected to Mutante and the Suratómica network, among them, this project.
 

Thanks to Prof. Joachim Sauter for his support and for welcoming my research and ideas to the New Media Class since 2015.

Project connected to the Suratomic Network 

Cycle At the edge of chaos| Context Other policies of the living

 

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QUEER FORMS OF LIFE - INTERCONNECTED NATURE

Natalia Rivera Medina

 

Prof. Jussi Ängeslevä

Luiz Zanotello

Dr. Prof. Susanne Hauser

Visual Communication Master

New Media Class - SS22

Universität der Künste Berlin UDK

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27.09.2022 Berlin

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